アジア太平洋地域の平和と安定：国際行動規範形成のための重層的分析

(Peace and Stability in the Asia-Pacific Region: Multi-layered Analyses toward Formation of International Code of Conduct and Norm)

https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/story/2015/201503_03　

*Caprio, Mark E. (Rikkyo University, Tokyo)

Title: Collective Responsibility and Division: A Roadmap to a Northeast Asian Peace Conference?

Efforts to restore peace in the Northeast Asian region have in the post-Cold War era focused on resolving the immediate problem while ignoring the roots of the problem. If the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) would eliminate its nuclear arsenal, the United Nations could end the crippling economic sanctions it has imposed on the country, the international community would welcome it into its fold and provide it with the financial and material aid it required, and open the markets it needs to conduct trade as a normal country. States characterize the DPRK as a pariah state for its refusal to cooperate and for threatening its neighbors with these weapons. This conclusion, however, is shallow as it deals with the results that the problem generates but ignores the actual problem itself. This paper argues that an historical inquiry into the roots of the problem(s) that over the past decades has separated the DPRK from those states that control international affairs. While these roots sprouted from the early 1990s with the end of the Cold War, they had been sown from the mid-1940s, at the time the Korean peninsula was divided, and even earlier. The mutual mistrust that has festered among involved states has blocked the occasional positive efforts to resolve areas of problem. Resolution begins with these states recognizing the roles they have played in creating the problem areas; rather than the result of one party’s rogue behavior, they evolved from a collection of efforts that emerged over the course of recent history. Resolution thus is realized from a multilateral collective effort, rather than through unilateral pressure. Collective responsibility, while admittedly idealistic, maintains that such problem solving requires states acknowledging their role in a particular problem’s cause before assuming responsibility for its solution. Dealing with the DPRK nuclear problem, for example, starts with involved states investigating the roots of the problem—why the DPRK initially sought nuclear weapons and continues to feel a need to retain them—before negotiating a solution that demonstrates them as a burden rather than a necessity. True postwar peace results from multi-state assuming responsibility for the disruption of peace, rather than a single side—generally the vanquished—having to carry the burden of this crime. This paper will consider this and other Korean Peninsula-related global issues as a case study toward investigating the concept’s use in other similar problem situations.

*French, Thomas (Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto)

Title: An Unequal Structure? “Layering” the US – Japan Relationship

This paper proposes a new approach to the examination if the US-Japan relationship though the employment of “layers” of analysis. Within this, the different elements of the relationship are examined individually as separate, but often interlinked, strata, providing a more inclusive and holistic picture of a complex, multifaceted, and often politicised subject. Taking the key elements of the ‘macro’ state-level security relationship as its initial starting point and then examining other layers such as trade, military base impact on local communities, and others, the paper illustrates that while certain strata of the relationship clearly favour or disadvantage different groups or actors, these inequalities do not consistently favour one side or the other, indicating that prioritising one layer over others within overall analyses risks oversimplification. This layered approach does not seek to privilege or prioritise any particular strata over another, and through its discrete analysis of each layer permits the maintenance and reflection of opposing viewpoints within itself, hence arguably better reflecting the complexities of this close, but sometimes fractious relationship.

*Kavalski, Emilian (Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland)

Title: TBA

Abstract: TBA

*Kushner, Barak (University of Cambridge, UK)

Title: TBA

Abstract: TBA

*Markovic, Ljiljana (University of Belgrade, Serbia)

Title: Enhancing Peace and Stability in the Asia-Pacific Region Through Social Economics, Culture and Scientific Cooperation

Asia-Pacific Region has been building efficient development methods in the fields of political, social, economic, cultural, educational, scientific and research cooperation.

Each of these pillars of cooperation has been of utmost importance. However, educational cooperation might well prove to be the most important central backbone of this development. Cooperation, because of its numerous, powerful and life-long linkage effects works throughout the fabric of societies and enhances all-round development, rather than merely growth. Personal ties and lasting friendships are forged among young people studying together in their most formative years, and they will transform into political, technological and business ties later on in life. Therefore, numerous human resources educated at Japan's most prestigious universities represent the most resilient human network securing economic, social and cultural development in the whole Asia-Pacific Region. This research purports to examine diachronically, since the beginning of the process of Japan's modernization in 1868, the concrete cases of intellectual and technocratic dissemination of Japan's know-how of modernization and development into other countries of this Region.

We shall also look in the present-day situation, both regarding university education, and regarding high-school education. We shall examine the influence that high-school education, which in Japan firstly embraced the western science curricula, exerted on other countries, such as Korea, and in our day and age, the influence of the United World Colleges System in Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong, teaching the International Baccalaureate Curriculum.

Apart from the central role of education and its permanent reform, the spread of Japanese management science and practice has been of utmost importance. We shall examine the role of the Toyota Production System, with all its tools (Just-in-Time production, Lean production, Quality Circles, Kaizen, Andon cords, Kaikaku, Poka-Yoke, 5S, etc.), which helped a more efficient production in all venues of economic activity throughout this Region, as well as throughout the world. The standards of world's industrial production and productivity owe most of its present efficiency to all of these precious practices that have been developed in the course of Japan's struggle to survive and flourish in the world markets. These techniques and approaches have been shared with everyone interested in achieving high productivity and fast economic growth and development.

Japan's leadership in scientific research has also been shared to foster and boost industrial development throughout this Region and far beyond. The latest developments in robotics and artificial intelligence secure Japan's leading role in the field of research and its application in all spheres of life. The outreach of the application of artificial intelligence is so broad that it has permeated all spheres of domestic life, on top of all productive activities in the industrial spheres.

Our research aims to enlighten the contribution of these developments to peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific Region, with an overview of its impact on the developing world as a whole, by viewing the economic, political, cultural, educational and social structures as promoters of more harmonious societies and regions in the 21st century.

*Midford, Paul (Meiji Gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan)

TBA

*Otmazgin, Nissim (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel)

Title: Soft Power in East Asia: A Venue for Collaboration or a Zero-Sum Game?

Over the past three decades, the notion of soft power has been widely integrated within popular and political discourse in Japan, South Korea, and more recently in China, both as a justification for investing in cultural and public diplomacy and as a legitimate form of state action. While the term soft power was initially developed in academia, it has assumed a life of its own. In East Asia the importance of attaining soft power is frequently voiced by politicians, bureaucrats, journalists, and opinion leaders, eager to better their country's position within the global community

This paper examines state policy in East Asia toward the notion of soft power, the different meanings this term has taken in Japan, Korea, China, and Taiwan, and the various discourses it has encouraged. The paper will address the following questions: Is soft power a venue for collaboration between East Asian countries or is it another field of contestation, in addition to the existing territorial, historical, and political disputes? Is there such a thing as a "regional soft power" and what distinguishes it from soft power in other parts of the world? Is soft power advances regional norm setting? In a broader context, this paper aims to better conceptualize the relations between state policy and soft power and to envision a regional order where soft power plays a constructive role.

*Sato, Akiko (Osaka University of Tourism, Osaka)

Title: TBA

*Schmidt, Carmen (Osnabrueck University, Germany)

Title: Values in East Asia: Chance or risk for peace and stability?

The study of values is a key area in social science research. Inspired by Ronald Inglehart’s writings on cultural change in advanced industrialized societies, it has attracted social scientists since the early 1970s. Under the auspices of Inglehart and others, the World Values Survey (WVS) was initiated in 1981 as a global network of social scientists who study changing values and their impacts on social and political life. Over the years, the WVS has demonstrated that people’s values play a key role in the flourishing of countries and the extent to which societies have effective governments. However, values also shape national civil religions, mostly being influenced by the cultural-religious background. According to Rousseau these civil religions can serve as a source of nationalism, preventing peaceful relations. On the other hand, the so called Asian value thesis suggests similar values among the East Asian people. Based on the latest data collected by the WWS we intend to investigate to what extent the cultural-religious background, such as Confucianism in the case of East Asia, affect the direction of value change in Japan, China and South Korea. We intend to investigate, whether this influence is even stronger than structural settings shaped by modernity and the second modernity and, if so, can possibly serve as a basis for mutual understanding and cooperation instead.

*Shimamoto, Mayako (Kobe Women’s Junior College, Kobe)

Title: Japan at the Crossroad: Pain and Innovation toward Carbon Neutrality by 2050

This paper attempts to explore Japan’s dilemma over what to do with unused/unaccomplished nuclear fuel cycle that started in 1988, while relying reluctantly upon nuclear energy to attain the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. With this agenda as a research question, this paper, using a hypothesis of continued Japan’s nuclear allergy, concludes that Japan’s energy policy has been so slow to accept the carbon zero policy.

*Sugita, Yoneyuki (Kobe Women’s Junior College, Kobe)

Title: Struggle for Agenda Setting: U.S.-Japan Alliance Management over North Korea

This paper’s research question addresses what kind of affects the second North Korean nuclear crisis of October 2002 had on U.S.-Japan relations. My working hypothesis is that the second North Korean nuclear crisis was a result from the struggle for agenda setting in this region between the United States and Japan. Both the United States and Japan sought to take the initiative in setting their own preferred agenda or rules based on which international relations they would have to observe thereafter.

*Tamai Mika (Osaka University, Osaka)

Title: TBA

*Teo, Victor

Title: Resolving Fishery Disputes and enhancing Food Security in Asia Pacific:

The Promises and Perils of Aquaculture

Despite the numerous financial Crises, health pandemics and environmental catastrophes over the last quarter of the century, most of the discussions on national security in the Asia-Pacific region are still obsessively focused on inter-state military conflicts. The rise of online nationalism, the dominance of traditional military-industrial complexes, and the inertia created by national-based security cultures have prevented a wider community approach towards the discussion and resolution of the most pressing issues of our time. One issue that is becoming more dominant over the last two decades is increased geopolitical competition and militarization of our maritime spaces in Asia. At the heart of this contestation is not a question of island territories or seabed minerals but a resource that has been long exploited by our ancestors – fish. While there have been the occasional high sea chases over activist expeditions to dispute islands or large scale posturing between navies, most of the actual naval skirmishes usually involved coastguards or Navy Vessels shooting at foreign fishing boats in their territorial waters (or vice-versa). South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and China have been involved in various fishing dispute incidents. It is no secret that various Ministries of Defence in the region have gamed out scenarios over projected excessive fish consumption, depleted fishery stocks, and fishery dispute on high seas. While not widely advertised, this “low level” issue is one that concerns many governments quietly as the singular most pressing issues on their security agenda. This project examines the practice of aquaculture in Asia, and assess the prospects, promises and challenges the industry might have in addressing fishery and maritime disputes as well as food security problems. The project argues that with proper technology and national endorsement, this industry holds much promise in not only helping alleviate some of the security dilemmas we face today, but would become an important pillar by which inter-state relations can be improved.

*Yonaha, Keiko (Kobe Women’s Junior College, Kobe)

Title: TBA

*Toyoda, Maria (Western New England University, USA)

Title: We Set the Standards: Structural Power and its Implications for Emergent Global Norms and Conduct

The ability to measure makes it possible to develop standards. Standards, and the metrics that are used to create them, are critical to global functioning. Without them, global trade, planning and policymaking are impossible. From pharmaceuticals to air conditioners to railways to container ships, standards rule by making processes and objects rational, efficient and legible. Standards which are widely adopted have the potential to become hegemonic, and represent structural power for those who set them. Susan Strange’s definition of structural power as the ability “to decide how things shall be done, the power to shape frameworks within which states relate to each other,” has particular relevance to the way in which standard setting, by countries and corporations, leads to the emergence of new regimes. What leads to the widespread adoption and the emergence of a hegemonic standard? How do countries and corporations vie to set the standards? What does this mean for the future of global norms and conduct?

*Wang, Xinyu Promio (Ibaraki Christian University)

Title: Mediated Old and New Pandemics and Chineseness in Transition: From Nation in Crisis to Nation in Aid

By comparing China’s diasporic strategy to Chinese migrants in Japan during the 2003 SARS crisis and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, I investigate the historical roots of Chineseness, how it has been evolving over time, and how it is mutually informative with CCP’s increasingly complex political agenda. In particular, I explore how the Chinese party-state imbues its construction of a crisis-hit nation with pathos, hence building an emotionally mediated tie between itself and overseas Chinese, and consequently leveraging the latter as an important part of China’s public diplomacy efforts and transnational governance ambitions. This paper asks how and through which channels that the state actors are able to associate overseas Chinese with their overarching political frameworks? How does the changing articulation of Chineseness between the SARS and COVID-19 crisis illuminates China’s desire in expanding its extraterritorial space by developing new types of practices that are digitally mediated? To answer these questions, methodological wise I adopt the qualitative research tool of semi-structured, in-depth interview with 61 Chinese migrants in Japan between January 2020 to April 2021. This approach allows me to underline the agency of grassroots actors, so to demonstrate how Chinese migrants give meanings, articulate and react to the efforts of the Chinese state in governing the transnational space during times of crisis.

I argue that through the adoption of both coercive and discursive strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese party-state constructs a Chineseness that emphasises ‘the national pride of regaining historical glory’. This is essentially different compared to the articulation of China as a ‘crisis-hit nation’ where ‘its struggles are brought by foreign forces’ – a narrative that dominated CCP’s propaganda during the 2003 SARS crisis. Furthermore, while the dominant political discourse during the previous crisis was to praise CCP as the Chinese nation’s sole guarantor, by rendering the ongoing pandemic in certain ways and setting off China’s ‘success’ in its anti-pandemic measure through the foil of other countries’ ‘failure’, the CCP now proposes China as a safekeeper of the international society. Finally, in a sense that China’s transnational governance is largely supported by digitisation, I argue that China’s changing positionality in relation to other nations indicates how Chineseness should be understood not only as political incentives and policy choices of the Chinese party-state but also as an outcome of technological affordances.

*Yang, Florence (National Chengchi University, ROC)

Title: Bandwagoning with the U.S.: Embedded Factors Behind Japan’s Strategic Choices

Facing the challenge of a rising China, Japan’s responses include Indo-pacific vision, which aims at intensifying liberal value in this region, and enhancing security cooperation with the United States and its alliance. Why Japan does not pursue a hedging policy, looking for a pivot position between China and the US, but choose to bandwagon with the U.S.? Adopting the “Analytic Eclecticism” in international relation theory, the author explored how the structure of post-war economic, diplomatic, and security arrangements and domestic politics shaped the norms embedded in Japanese security strategy and accordingly shaped its security policy. First, from realism perspective (balance of threat theory in particular), the US and Japan perceived the increasingly rising Chinese military capability and its maritime activities near the Senkaku Islands as threat and strengthened the US-Japanese security cooperation. Second, from realism perspective, maintaining the existing international regime suits Japan’s national interests because Japan has participated, as a major power, in the international economic, diplomatic, and security regime in the west camp in the Cold War era. Third, from constructivism perspective, the supports to the universal values and democratic political system has been internalized in Japanese society which restrained Japanese government’s strategic choices of bandwagoning with the US, while perceiving China as a revisionist against liberal order.

Keyword: Analytic Eclecticism; U.S.-Japan Relations; Japan’ security strategy; Bandwagoning; hedging

*Yonaha, Keiko (Kobe Women’s Junior College, Kobe)

Title: TBA

*Young, Victoria (University of Cambridge, UK)

Title: TBA

Abstract: TBA